Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) plays a central role in curative treatment concepts. In recent years, minimally invasive surgery, particularly laparoscopic liver resection, has established itself as a gentle yet effective method. It offers advantages such as reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery. For selected patients with liver cirrhosis and limited tumor burden, liver transplantation is another curative option. Transplant oncology focuses on precise patient selection and oncological follow-up to minimize the risk of tumor recurrence. Modern concepts such as downstaging make it possible to prepare patients with initially non-transplantable tumors for transplantation.